A significant contributor, as defined in section 507(d)(2), includes any person who contributes or bequeaths a total amount of more than $5,000 to the private foundation if that amount exceeds 2% of the total contributions and bequests received by the Foundation before the end of the taxation year in which the contribution or bequest is received from that person. For a trust, the creator is an essential contribution, even if their contributions have not exceeded the $5,000 and 2% limit. A donor is a major donor from the earliest date on which he or she exceeds the $5,000 and 2% limit, although the percentage of total contributions and bequests is not determined until the end of the private foundation`s taxation year. To this end, donors and donor advisers will be treated as disqualified persons with respect to a donor-advised fund with respect to transactions with the fund. In addition, the full amount paid to these individuals is treated as an overage. Finally, a person who is in a position to exercise material influence over a supporting organization under section 509(a)(3) is a person disqualified not only from that organization, but also from the organization or organizations for which the supporting organization is organized and operated. 3. The 20 % owners are persons who hold more than 20 % of the voting rights, interest in profits or economic interests of an undertaking which makes a significant contribution to the foundation. These entities may be a corporation, partnership, trust or corporation without legal personality.
For the determination of ownership, the attribution rules of Article 267 apply. 7. Trusts or estates are unqualified persons if more than 35% of the economic interest in the trust or estate belongs to a major contributor, the trustee of the foundation, 20% to the owner and family members. This also includes constructive participation. Contractual incapacity may result from professional status, artificial status, marital status, political status, etc. Persons who are unable to enter into a contract because of their status are totally or partially prevented from entering into a contract under section 11 of the Indian Contracts Act. In addition, minors and lunatics, legally disqualified persons, are also excluded from the conclusion of contracts, depending on which one they are subject to. 8.
A private foundation is a disqualified person for the purposes of section 4943 only if it is effectively controlled by the same persons who control the foundation in question, or if substantially all of the contributions to the foundation were made by the persons who substantially all the contributions to that foundation, and those persons are described in section 4946 (a) (1) (A). (B), (C) or (D) with respect to the relevant Foundation. Corporations include registered corporations, local corporations and municipal corporations. Companies are legal persons. Because they exist legally, they can acquire property, conduct their business, and are able to sue and be sued. But they can`t do it without their seals. For purposes of this Section 18.06, the term (i) “publicly traded security” means a security listed on a national stock exchange registered under Section 6 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or listed on a system sponsored by a national securities association registered under Section 15A(b) of the Securities Exchange Act; and (ii) “Disqualified Person” means a “Disqualified Person” as defined in section 4975(e)(2) of the Code. Once a person is a significant contributor to a private foundation, they remain a significant contributor, even if they cannot be classified as such if a decision has been made at a later date.
74-287 (I.R.S. 1974) provides that employees of a bank appointed as trustees of a private foundation entrusted with fiduciary responsibility for the day-to-day administration and distribution of the trust are ineligible persons, although they are ultimately accountable to the directors and officers of the bank for their actions with respect to the trust. A foreigner is a person who belongs to a country other than India. There will be either an alien friend or an alien enemy. A foreign friend belongs to the country that lives in peace with India, and these people usually have the contractual capacity to enter into contracts with Indian citizens. However, there are some limitations. The foreign enemy comes from a country at war with India. The contractual status of such a person can be divided into two categories: contracts concluded during the war and contracts concluded before the war. In the first case, he cannot conclude the contract with Indian citizens and even he cannot pursue contracts with Indians in Indian courts, except in the case of a license from the central government. Treaties concluded before the outbreak of war were either abrogated or suspended.
Workers are persons who exercise a particular profession and who are subject to specific rules and codes of conduct, such as: doctor, professor, judge, lawyer, etc. Due to their high and prestigious professional careers, they are also legally disqualified from entering into certain contracts in a particular sector. Barrister cannot enter into a direct contract with its client in England due to its Code of Conduct. Similarly, the retired judge of the Supreme Court of Nepal cannot represent on behalf of his client. Nepalese lawyers are also prohibited from entering into a fee agreement with their client. Persons who are legally excluded from entering into a contract are listed below: A convicted person is a person sentenced by a competent court to death or imprisonment. A convicted person may not enter into a valid contract or take legal action for the duration of his sentence. His incompetence ends when the sentence is over or he is pardoned. The term “disqualified person” is essential to the treatment and status of exempt organizations classified as private foundations. The identification of persons excluded from a private foundation is necessary to analyze whether various excise taxes in Chapter 42 apply.
It is also important to determine whether an organization qualifies as a supporting organization for public charitable status or whether it meets the IRC Section 509(a)(2) public support test. A basic concept of tax law for private foundations is that of the ineligible person within the meaning of ยง 4946. The term appears prominently in Part VII-B of Form 990-PF. The identification of the disqualified person is crucial for certain excise taxes in Chapter 42. For example: In Rockefeller v. United States, 572 F. Supp. 9 (E.D. Ark. 1982), aff`d, 718 F.2d 290 (8th Cir. 1983), the court found that the taxpayer was a disqualified person from a trust within the meaning of section 4946 of the IRC. The court found that the taxpayer was a disqualified person because he was a family member (direct descendant) of a deceased major contributor.
The Court also considered challenges to the constitutionality of Section 4941 and the appropriateness of using Section 507 to define a significant contributor, holding that the law is constitutional and that the use of Section 507 is exactly what Congress wanted and wrote.